Calculating the Probability of a Type II Error - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 890 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Calculating the Probability of a Type II Error To properly interpret the results of a test of hypothesis requires that you be able to judge the pvalue of the test. However, to do so also requires that you have an understanding of the relationship between Type I and Type II errors. Here, we describe how the probability of a Type II error is computed. A Type II error occurs when a false null hypothesis is not rejected. For example, if a rejection region is as follows: xbar 127. 06 or xbar 132. 94 and the null hypothesis is false, then the probability of a Type II error is defined as = P(127. 6 xbar 132. 94 (given that H0 is false) The condition that the null hypothesis is false only tells us that the mean is not equal to 130. If we want to compute , we need to specify a value for . Suppose that we want to determine the probability of making a Type II error when, in actual fact, = 135, 131, 139, and/or any other value. A Windmill Example: The feasibility of constructing a pr ofitable electricityproducing windmill depends on the average velocity of the wind. For a certain type of windmill, the average wind speed would have to exceed 20 mph in order for its construction to be feasible. To test whether or not a particular site is appropriate for this windmill, 50 readings of the wind velocity are taken, and the average is calculated. The test is designed to answer the question, is the site feasible? That is, is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the average wind velocity exceeds 20 mph? We want to test the following hypotheses. H0: A 20 HA: A 20 If, when the test is conducted, a Type I error is committed (rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true), we would conclude mistakenly that the average wind velocity exceeds 20 mph. The consequence of this decision is that the windmill would be built on an inappropriate site. Because this error is quite costly, we specify a small value for a, = 0. 01. If a Type II error is committed (not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false), we would conclude mistakenly that the average wind velocity does not exceed 20 mph. As a result, we would not build the windmill on that site, even though the site is a good one. The cost of this error may not be very large, since, if the site under consideration is judged to be inappropriate, the search for a good site would simply continue. But suppose that a site where the wind velocity is greater than or equal to 25 mph is extremely profitable. To judge the effectiveness of this test (to determine if our selection of = 0. 01 and n = 50 is appropriate), we compute the probability of committing this error. Our task is to calculate when = 25. (Assume that we know that ( = 12 mph. ) Our first task is to set up the rejection region in terms of xbar. Rejection region: z z = z0. 01 = 2. 33 (look up 0. 9900 in Table) So we have z = (xbar-) / (/n) = (xbar-20) / (12/50) 2. 33 Rejection region: xbar 23. 95 Region where H0 is not rejected: xbar 23. 5 Thus: = P(xbar 23. 95 (given that = 25) = P{[(xbar-) / (/n)] [(23. 95-25) / (12/50)] = P(z -0. 62) = 0. 5 – 0. 2324 = 0. 2672 23. 95| 22| 1. 95| 1. 697| 1. 15| 0. 3749| 0. 8749| 23. 95| 22. 5| 1. 45| 1. 697| 0. 85| 0. 3023| 0. 8023| 23. 95| 23| 0. 95| 1. 697| 0. 56| 0. 2123| 0. 7123| 23. 95| 23. 5| 0. 45| 1. 697| 0. 27| 0. 1064| 0. 6064| 23. 95| 24| -0. 05| 1. 697| -0. 03| 0. 0120| 0. 4880| 23. 95| 24. 5| -0. 55| 1. 697| -0. 32| 0. 1255| 0. 3745| 23. 95| 25| -1. 05| 1. 697| -0. 62| 0. 2324| 0. 2676| 23. 95| 25. 5| -1. 55| 1. 697| -0. 91| 0. 3186| 0. 1814| 23. 95| 26| -2. 05| 1. 697| -1. 21| 0. 3869| 0. 1131| 3. 95| 26. 5| -2. 55| 1. 697| -1. 50| 0. 4332| 0. 0668| 23. 95| 27| -3. 05| 1. 697| -1. 80| 0. 4641| 0. 0359| This is the graph for associated with numbers from 18 to 32. 5: The probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis when = 25 is 0. 2676 (see above Figure). This means that, when the mean wind velocity is 25 mph, there is a 26. 76% probability of errone ously concluding that the site is not profitable. If this probability is considered too large, we can reduce it by either increasing or increasing n. For example, if we increase a to 0. 10 and leave n = 50, then = 0. 0475. Rejection region: (xbar-20) / (12/50) 1. 8 xbar 22. 17 22. 17| 24. 5| -2. 33| 1. 697| -1. 37| 0. 4147| 0. 0853| 22. 17| 25| -2. 83| 1. 697| -1. 67| 0. 4525| 0. 0475| 22. 17| 25. 5| -3. 33| 1. 697| -1. 96| 0. 4750| 0. 0250| 25 With = 0. 10, however, the probability of building on a site that is not profitable is too large. If we let = 0. 01 but increase n to 100, then = 0. 0329. 22. 796| 23| -0. 204| 1. 20| -0. 17| 0. 0675| 0. 4325| 22. 796| 23. 5| -0. 704| 1. 20| -0. 59| 0. 2224| 0. 2776| 22. 796| 24| -1. 204| 1. 20| -1. 00| 0. 3413| 0. 1587| 22. 796| 24. 5| -1. 704| 1. 20| -1. 42| 0. 4222| 0. 0778| 22. 796| 25| -2. 204| 1. 20| -1. 84| 0. 4671| 0. 329| 22. 796| 25. 5| -2. 704| 1. 20| -2. 25| 0. 4878| 0. 0122| 22. 796| 26| -3. 204| 1. 20| -2. 67| 0. 4962| 0. 0038 | 22. 796| 26. 5| -3. 704| 1. 20| -3. 09| 0. 4990| 0. 0010| 22. 796| 27| -4. 204| 1. 20| -3. 50| 0. 5000| 0. 0000| Now both and are quite small, but the cost of sampling has increased. Nonetheless, the cost of sampling is small in comparison to the costs of making Type I and Type II errors in this situation. Another way of judging a test is to measure its power -the probability of its leading us to reject the null hypothesis when it is falserather than measuring the probability of a Type II error. Thus, the power of the test is equal to 1 . In the present example, the power of the test with n = 50 and = . 01 is 1 0. 2676 = 0. 7324. When more than one test can be performed in a given situation, we would naturally prefer to use the test that is correct more frequently. If (given the same alternative hypothesis, sample size, and significance level) one test has a higher power than a second test, the first test is said to be more powerful. To determine the appropriate sample size for specified levels of the Type I and Type II Errors, consult the Text. - ASSIGNMENT: - - In the windmill example presented in class, the Beta and Power functions are computed for n = 50. Compute and display the Beta and Power functions for n = 25, n = 75, and n = 125. Display your results in no more than two graphs. - - Briefly discuss your results. - Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Calculating the Probability of a Type II Error" essay for you Create order

The Final Step In Stopping Isis In The Middle East Is To

The final step in stopping ISIS in the Middle East is to stabilize the countries in which they gained their power, Iraq and Syria. By looking at what caused the destabilization in the first place will allow for a better understanding of the policies and actions that need to be put in place in order to move the conflict toward de-escalation. Transparency International explains, â€Å"when disenfranchised populations see [†¦] their governments fail to deliver services, people get angry [†¦and] turn to other bodies for protection, swelling the ranks of insurgent or organised crime groups. Corruption breeds inequality, which has been shown to increase violence† (Transparency International 2015). In Iraq, as previously discussed, ISIS was able to take†¦show more content†¦In reality, the only way to stop ISIS in Syria is to stop the Syrian civil war, and the best possible solution would be to remove President Assad from power. Although there would be backlash fro m Iran and Russia, this could be done simply by charging Assad, and his key supporters in government, with violations in Human Rights in the International Criminal Court, or the International Court of Justice. After he is taken out of power, negotiations can take place to determine the new government in Syria. When the US replaced the Hussein regime with a fully Shi’ite regime, they neglected to include any members from the previous regime, or any members from the Kurdish and Sunni populations. It is because of this why ISIS was able to flourish in Iraq; and the best way to undo this decision, is to also engage in negotiations. In both cases, negotiations would not take place between the Iraqi or Syrian government and ISIS; rather, they would take place between the governments and the chosen leaders of the oppressed groups (Sunni, Shi’ite, and Kurdish), in a neutral, private environment, such as the UN. The reason why ISIS will not be involved in negotiations is because they are escalating, radical terrorists who think that everything that the West, including what any of their adversaries, represents should be eliminated. ISIS will never be ripe for negotiation because â€Å"negotiation is appropriate when the parties see that a problem can onlyShow MoreRelatedIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesreplaced. It was originally prepared in Ibadan and some of the examples reflect this. Cultural and monetary references may well induce nostalgia in those familiar with the more recent history of Nigeria1. Web publication is therefore an intermediate step, while efforts are underway to produce an ac ceptable version for a press. Roger Blench Cambridge November 2006. 1 e.g. the example ‘The members of staff of the Kingsway stores enjoy life’ [!] i Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson. Draft of EditionRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesMidsouth Chamber of Commerce (A): The Role of the Operating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (Psychology) Free Essays

In Germany, psychiatrists regarded OCD as a disorder of intellect. The German word for â€Å"obsession† is Zwangsvorstellung and was translated as â€Å"obsession† in Great Britain and â€Å"compulsion† in the United States. The term â€Å"obsessive-compulsive disorder† became the compromise term. We will write a custom essay sample on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (Psychology) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over time, the way people view O. C. D. has changed. For example, in the seventeenth century people who suffer from obsessions and compulsions were thought to be religious fanatics or melancholic (Frankel, 2011). It wasn’t until the European Renaissance that people first began relinquishing the belief that mental illnesses like OCD were caused by devil or other supernatural forces. Based on this reasoning, treatment involved banishing the â€Å"evil† from the â€Å"possessed† person through exorcism (steward, 2009). OCD can happen to anyone. You could be rich or poor/ black or white. It has happened to people such as Martin Luther (1483-1546) the most important leader of the protestant of reformation in Europe. John Bunyan (1628-1688) the writer and preacher that is famous for his writing Pilgrim’s Progress. Dr. Samual Johnson (1709-1784) wrote the first dictionary in the English language. Many people often wonder what causes OCD. Experts don’t know what exactly caused OCD, but they suggest that it may be a problem in the way one part of the brain sends information to another. (Peterson, 2001). When your brain doesn’t have enough of serotonin (a brain chemical) it causes problems. Experts also believe that problem related to infections, such as: strip throat or scarlet fever can cause or make the disorder worse. Brain scans of people with OCD have shown that they have different patterns of brain activity (Price, 2007). Some cases may even be genetic. OCD isn’t caused by family problems or attitudes, but genetics, or stressful events may trigger an episode of the disorder. The symptoms of OCD vary it can be mild to severe and even come and go. The most common symptom of OCD is Anxiety. For example, you feel a sense that something bad is going to happen if a task is left undone, such as check again and again to see whether the flat iron is on. If you fail to check you feel tense or anxious. Obsession symptoms are unwanted thoughts, ideas, and impulses that you have again and again. For example, a fear to hurt yourself or a love one, need to do something perfectly or correctly and a fear of getting dirty or infected (Malik, 2008). Compulsion symptoms are behaviors that you repeat to try to control the obsession. For example: washing, checking, counting, repeating, hoarding and praying. The most common compulsion is washing and checking. Doctors check for OCD by asking about your symptoms and your health past. A physical exam is given to the patient. Mental health assessments are given as well, it is an evaluation of your emotional functioning and your ability to think, reason, and remember. People with OCD live with the condition for years before being diagnosed (Wilkins, 2000). Some people go without treatment because they are embarrassed to talk about their symptoms (Ego). Conditions that co- exist with OCD is Anxiety Disorders, Mood Disorders (Depression and Bipolar Disorder), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Eating Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders. There are three main questions that a doctor will ask to decide rather you have OCD or not â€Å"Do you have repeated thoughts that cause anxiety and that you cannot get rid of no matter how hard you try? , Do you wash your hands frequently or keep things extremely clean and neat? Do you excessively check things? (Weinstock, 2010). † Also to be diagnosed, the obsessions or compulsions must be time-consuming to the point where it interferes with your daily life. The earlier it is detected the better because there are proper treatments that can improve OCD (Romito, 2007). Treatment for OCD is good, about 50% of patients improve and about 10% recover completely (Abramowitz, 2009). Only 10% get worse in spite of therapy (Abramowitz, 2009). The four R’s you should keep in mind when trying to overcome OCD relabel, reattribute, refocus, and revalue (Segal, 2012). Relabel is Recognize that the intrusive obsessive thoughts and urges are the result of OCD. Reattribute is to Realize that the intensity and intrusiveness of the thought or urge is caused by OCD; remind you that OCD thoughts and urges are not meaningful, but are false messages from the brain. Refocus is when you find ways to work around the OCD thoughts by focusing your attention on something else, at least for a few minutes. Revalue is the key to not take the OCD thought at face value. It is not significant in itself. There are Medication that a doctor can prescribe to you depending on the severity of your symptoms they are known as Selective Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) â€Å"antidepressants† they include Prozac, Luvox Zoloft (Sadock, 2007). It can take up to twelve weeks before the medicine to take effect after prescribed. Consistency is important for both counseling and medicines. People who don’t take their medicines regularly or stop often have their symptoms return (relapse). With therapy, it is important to work with your doctor to find out when, or if, you should stop. Counseling is available as well; cognitive-behavioral therapy called exposure and response prevention is considered the most effective type of counseling for OCD. Your relationship with your therapist is very important. Finding someone who is right for you is critical to your success in overcoming OCD. The therapist for exposure and response prevention counseling would require you to write down all of your obsessions, compulsions, and things you avoid. Doing this you will then rank each of them from highest to lowest. Throughout the sessions you will be exposed to your obsessions, compulsions, and things you avoid in order to help overcome the faulty beliefs (Lewin, 2011). There are home treatments that you can use to reduce overall stress. For example, taking deep breathes, soaking in a warm bath, listening to smooth music, exercise, yoga, etc. In rare cases surgery can be done. Which uses surgically implanted electrodes in the brain, and magnetic stimulation of parts of the brain are done for severe OCD. Deep brain- stimulation and vagus nerve stimulation are possible surgical options that do not require destruction of brain tissue. In one study, 30% of participants benefited significantly from this procedure (Roth, 2010). The procedure only can be performed in a hospital with specialist qualifications. This is done only when you aren’t responding to any other treatment or procedure (Williams, 2010). OCD is usually confused with two things Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and an addiction. OCD is ego dystonic, meaning that the disorder is incompatible with the sufferer’s self- concept. While OCPD is ego syntonic, it is the behaviors, values, feelings, which are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and goals of the ego, or consistent with one’s ideal self-image (Morse, 1998). Addiction can be explained as the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity. OCD is different from behaviors such gambling and overeating ddiction. People with these disorders typically experience at least some pleasure from their activity. OCD sufferers do not actively want to perform their compulsive tasks and experience no pleasure from doing so (Marlatt, 2008). Therefore, OCD is a long- term condition that can be improved over years of medication and/or therapy. In the United States, about 1 in 40 adults and 1 in 100 childr en have OCD. According to the World Health Organization, OCD is one of the top 20 causes of illness-related disability, worldwide, for individuals between 15 and 44 years of age (Smith, 2012). How to cite Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (Psychology), Papers

Rice (1283 words) Essay Example For Students

Rice (1283 words) Essay Riceâ€Å"†¦Finally, because South Carolina, from her climate, situation, and peculiar institutions, is, and must ever continue to be, wholly dependent on agriculture and commerce, not only for prosperity , but for her existence as a state†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Boller, pg.110)-John C Calhoun: South Carolina explosion and Protest (1828)While the north was undergoing an â€Å"industrial revolution,† the south remained agriculturally based. Rice, which was the first grown in South Carolina in the early 1960’s, was a very promising harvest. Between 1820and 1850, the production of rice nearly tripled, making it a leading colonial crop along the seacoast of South Carolina and Georgia. Rice had definitely proved to be a â€Å"magic crop† of the South. (Boyer, pg.96)The Carolinas was originally granted in the 1663 by King Charles II of England to a few of his British supporters. The proprietors named the land Carolina in the honor of King Charles. Charles in Latin is Caro lus. (Olmsted, pg.312) The colony grow hastily at first. In 1669, however, Anthony Ashley Cooper, one of the proprietors, speeded up settlements by offering immigration land grants. For each new family member, indentured servant, or slave brought in, fifty acres of land were given to the family head. The wealth immigrants, or those with large families, received a large piece of land, which were used as plantations. The Carolinas was shaped to be agrarian-based bound. (Faulkner, pg. 217)Until the 1680’s, most of the settlers in the Carolinas were farmers. It soon became obvious that Carolina was not created â€Å"so that he settlers could eke out a marginal existence.† Like the Virginians before them, the Carolinas sought their own staple crop that can make them rich, rice. The plantation owners of North Carolina, like those of Virginia, raised chiefly tobacco and corn on small farms. Those in South Carolina planted rice and indigo on a large scale. Rice was probably br ought from West Africa. Because the grain made a few men rich with capitol to invest in costly dams, dikes, and slaves, the Carolinians began to resemble that of the West Indies. Rice planters earned annual profits of 25%, causing them, within a generation, to become the only Colonial elite whose wealth revealed that of the Caribbean sugar planters. (Fite, pg.78)As early as the early 1700’s rice proved to be an extremely profitable harvest. By the time of the revolution Charleston was exporting annually about 125,000 barrels. Although the profits of rice tripled between 1820 and 1850, there were also many costs in rice production. The work of leveling land and building levees and ditches for irrigation was costly. A rice planter in the 1830’s and 1840’s needed between $50,000and $100,000 to get into large-scale production of rice. (Faulkner, pg189)Rice plantations were exceedingly large enterprises. One plantation owner, Governor William Aiken of South Carolina, had an estate that contained 1500 acres of rice land, 500 acres of upland, 700 slaves, and livestock and equipment worth $380,000, which was considered a typical rice plantation. Among the huge plantations were small shops of cheap clothing and trinket stores such as those of Jews that settled in the Southern cities. (Boyer, 92)Rice thriving only within a 40-mile-wide coastal strip extending from Cape Fear, which is now known as North Carolina, to present day Georgia. The marshy and hot lowlands quickly became infested with malaria. Carolina grimily joked that â€Å" the rice belt was a paradise in spring, an inferno in the summer, and a hospital in the wet, chilly fall.† Planters’ families usually escaped, in the worst of months, to the more healthier and cooler climate of Charleston, while the overseer supervised the harvest. (Olmsted, pg.315) The Carolina rice profits had come to someone else’s expense. English undeterred servants could not survive the humid rice paddies swarming with malaria-bearing mosquitoes. The planter’s solution was to import African slaves. There were two advantages in importing slaves. Th first, approximately 15% of the imported slaves cultivated rice in their homeland, and their enterprise was vital in teaching whites how to raise the unfamiliar crop. Second, most Africans had partial immunity to the malaria that killed many in the region. A tremendous demand for slaves therefore developed. For a typical rice planter, farming 130 acres of land required 65 slaves. (Boyer, pg. 94) Malaria on plantations caused the number of indentured servants to decrease. Plantation owners had tom settle for slaves; Negroes, who, although expensive to purchase, worked for their masters for life. Furthermore, the offspring of the slave would be in servitude of the master as well. The proportions of slaves in southern Carolina’s population spurted from17% in 1620 to 67% as nearly as 1720. The slave population outnum bered that of the white farmers, plantation owners, and their families. Life for a slave on a rice plantation was probably worse than any other. The swampy land made all slaves susceptible to malaria and other diseases; as Fredric lmsted described in The Cotton Kingdom:â€Å"†¦in the upper part of this pine land is a house, occupied by his overseer during the malaria season, when it is dangerous for any but Negroes to remain during the night in the vicinity of the swamps and the rice fields. Even those who have been born in the region, and have grown up subject to malaria, are said to be generally weak and short-lived.† (Olmsted, pg.182-3)The slave issue turned out to be an extremely important one in the shaping of the ante-bellum South. While the North was fighting slavery, the South was advocating it. Under President Jackson, the North and West aligned to tax the South by forming the tariff of Abomination. In December of 1838, the South Carolina legislature called the new tariff unconstitutional. At first, the south tried to align with the wet. When their plan failed, South Carolina, led by Vice President John C. Calhoun, threatened to nullify laws and tariffs which were unfavorable to them. The new tariff, Calhoun believed, would impoverish the south. After warning Jackson the relief should be provided or the union †would be shaken to its foundation,† Calhoun returned to his South Carolina plantation where he wrote his essay †South Carolina Exposition and Protest.† After several threats were made by Jackson, including one in which he threatened to hang all the nullifiers, the issue was quelled, but the Southerners carried a hatred which would eventually bring about the civil war. (Faulkner, pg.205) Economically, the â€Å"golden period† in rice production in the South was between 1820 and 1850. In 1839, over eighteen million pounds of rice, most of which was sold in Europe, the West Indies, the North were produced in South Carolina and Georgia. A decade later the production of rice increased to 215,313,497 pounds produced. A decline in rice production occurred in 1850. The decline was most probably caused by the rise of cotton prices that drew labor or capital out of rice production, or possibly planters hesitated to risk the lives of expensive slaves in the unhealthy rice swamps. But, whatever the reason rice growers never occurred in the Southeast and after the Civil war it moved Westward into Louisiana Arkansas, and Texas. States from 1690, and the production of rice, as well of the American nation. The South was a threat to the Union. The incompatibility of the North and South caused the two to completely separate; whether issues concerning industrialization, slavery, or just the Unity of the nation. .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 , .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 .postImageUrl , .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 , .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56:hover , .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56:visited , .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56:active { border:0!important; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56:active , .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56 .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7baf3c60cd55a007befd1f1c0eedae56:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Socioreligious Significance of Rice A comparis Essay History

Why are textbooks so expensive Essays - Textbooks, Bookselling

Why are textbooks so expensive Why Are Textbooks So Expensive? 1.According to Roediger, textbooks are more expensive because of the current approval of the used textbook market. He mentioned the used textbook market as a tricky not because of that students are selling to each other. The problem is that the textbook dealers, some of them owning the bookstore, purchase textbooks from students at a very low portion of the price that the students pay for them. Then the wholesalers sell these books to a different bookstore in other campus. This prevents sales of new books, and the publishers and authors are not receiving reasonable payments for their labor in making the textbooks. When the bookstore resells the used books-the income on this used book would be higher than the income made on the new book. 2.The example explains how the author, the person who creates the textbook, makes less money than the bookstore. The author receives only around 15% of the sales price. I am very surprised how little profit they really made. He used another example about back in time. When he was teaching at Purdue University, Henry and Betty each had to teach 475 students and they order 950 textbooks-that is a lot profit for the authors. But unfortunately he went to a bookstore and find out that all of these text books were used copies-that means that the whole profit goes to the bookstores. The purpose of all the examples he uses in the essay is to describe the difference in using new and used books/when use new books profit goes to a publisher, and unfortunately when you use used books-bookstores made all the money and an authors received zero income. 3. 4. According to Roediger, textbook publishers have tiny options to deal with the loss in profits. They can increase the prices of textbooks or the other option is to list a new edition of the books often that is how book profits will go to the publisher and author, not the bookstores. Also they can present some packages-electronic code with the textbook, valid only for each semester to each student-it will be uniq

Example of a Marketing Analysis Cover Letter and Mission Statement

Example of a Marketing Analysis Cover Letter and Mission Statement Free Online Research Papers Example of a Marketing Analysis Cover Letter and Mission Statement The target market of Dynamic Industries is the general population of personal computer companies world wide. We have marketed ourselves to those companies by presenting them with information about our product, followed by negotiating a deal with the companies to formulate a strategic alliance with them. We currently have three production plants set up in the United States and two in Europe. Our capacity at this stage for each plant is 60,000 chips per factory. We currently have contracts and negotiations with several computer companies throughout the world. Environmental factors have shown that after our chips have been sold to the respective computer companies, there will be instances where we have an excess amount of chips to be sold. Should a situation like this arise, we have come up with several marketing outlets that will permit us to expedite our shipments out of the factories. The first section of the population that would be targeted is the college student. Studies have shown that many college students now have the know-how to build their own personal computer. Dynamic Industries will build a website about our company including our mission statement and what we are about. There will be a certain link on the site which students will be able to access to receive discounts on our chips. This discount will be determinant on their college transcripts. The higher the student’s GPA, the higher their discount. Another link, will be set up as an essay contest to the students about why they like our chips. One category judged will be creativity, the other will be accuracy. The winner of the contest gets a free upgraded chip compatible with the personal computer they own. Donations will be another outlet for Dynamic Industries. We will find out via email from local high schools which grade of chip the schools need and we will accommodate them based on our commitment to public relations. In exchange we will ask them to encourage their students to enter our essay contest on our website; though the transcript scenario will be available to college students (undergraduate and graduate) only. Another donation will be made to local agencies focused on the education of underprivileged children. The tax write off will benefit the company financially while enhancing our public relations aspect. A third scenario for getting our chips out to the general public will be trade shows. They are popular enough that we can market and sell our ideas as well as our chips. There will be two representatives (one being a member of the executive committee) from our company at each trade show to advertise our product. This will not only be an excellent opportunity to speak to local consumers, but also meet with start up companies that are just getting their own computer production line off the ground. Dynamic Industries will be ready and willing to set up negotiations with these embryonic companies and offer them exceptional rates on our standard grade models with the promise of a large shipment order of the deluxe models. In this sense, we hope to be able to establish long term relations with these companies. Dynamic Industries has put an incredible focus on customer service. We intend to have a company that will be put above and beyond our competition. One way we intend on doing this is a customer center linked up to our website. Information will be made available to customers 24 hours a day 7 days a week. Also incorporated will be a 1-800 number for customers whose questions need more immediate assistance. Mission Statement Dynamic Industries offers high quality, cost effective, reliable computer chips to personal computer companies worldwide. Utilizing our advanced technology, we will exceed the expectations of our customers by providing state of the art products for personal computers. By maintaining our utmost professionalism, we have become a very prominent and highly prestigious organization. We are committed to providing exceptional service and unparalleled products to each of our consumers. Dynamic Industries is constantly looking to upgrade and enhance its products to meet the changing needs of its customers. We will strive to maintain financial balance by ensuring high value products to our clients. Research Papers on Example of a Marketing Analysis Cover Letter and Mission StatementStandardized TestingDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaTwilight of the UAWMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalHip-Hop is ArtMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

Assessment Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment Analysis - Assignment Example The assignment is formative because it is used in the learning process by a teacher to ascertain the student level and therefore direct learning objectives. For example, the question requires a certain element of comprehension of the student and answering them gives the teacher an impression of the status of the student and therefore affect the next instructional period. It is also formal because of the controlled environment and the content. It gives the impression of a standard school test, because it can be administered to many students depending on their level and age. Comprehension exercises typically evaluate the cognitive abilities of the students such as retention and ability to follow instructions, unlike psychomotor evaluations that evaluate the body coordination of students and often involve an aspect of physical exercise. Comprehensions do not evaluate content because they do not ask questions about anything other than what can be answered from the story. The type of questions used is open ended because there is no structure or relevance of defending a point. However, the last part, the part about the body parts used in hunting, is an essay tailored to the relative young age of the students for which the assignment is designed. The assignment lies in the application level of Blooms Taxonomy. Students are merely supposed to apply the content of the comprehension to derive the answers (Stanley& Moore, 2013). Advanced levels are often inapplicable in comprehension questions at this level. From the structure of the questions, they were administered to a whole class, though it is impossible to determine the time allocated. Students have a choice in their answers because the questions are open ended. The assignment contains five parts, coloring the stars each time the student reads the comprehension, coloring the required areas and answering one question. Based on these

Women's Health. Health Care Disparity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Women's Health. Health Care Disparity - Essay Example Healthcare disparities exist in both public and private sectors. Various kinds of socio-economic factors contribute to the existence of healthcare disparities like inadequate access to care to some group of people, poor quality of care to some individuals, etc. Community features and behaviors at personal level also contribute to these disparities. It is generally found that people who belong to ethnic or racial minority groups, or individuals with mental or physical impairment or disabilities, or women may face health care disparities. Very often healthcare disparities exist between rural and urban areas. (Mead, 2008) Part B) Explain why some women (in general) may face barriers to health care. Of course, over the decades significant progress have been made in women’s health. However, still health status of women on average is not as good as of men. Not only that, but healthcare disparities exists among women as well. Different sub-groups of women get different types of acces s to care and quality of care also varies across different subgroups of women. (Mead, 2008) There are a number of reason for which some women face healthcare disparities compared to men and other groups of women as well.

Google in China Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Google in China - Article Example Just recently, the state has developed a firewall system that blocked numerous sites supported by Google. From the company, the problem is not an internal issue and they severs are fully functional. However, the Googlespokeswoman did not provide much information on the issue. On numerous occasions, Googlehas developed mechanisms that could enable users in china access their services but they have since been countered. The issue is important in the business sector since the internet is an important factor. For businesses they would be required to consider marketing alternatives. In addition, the businesses are required to monitor their information provided through their internet platforms. Auditors should ensure they monitor the content provided through online services to minimize sanctions risks. Accountants are affected since they should develop ways that they could market their services or communicate with clients. Regulators are also required to provide specifications to business on how well they could practice ethical and correct internet

Cities that contribute to Sustainable Development

Cities that contribute to Sustainable Development Sustainable Cities or Cities that contribute to Sustainable Development Nur Asyiqin Afiqah bte Hj Ahmad Two compulsory readings were given to each person in our class and I chose to read Sustainable cities or Cities that contribute to Sustainable development where it focuses on the definition of ‘sustainable cities’ and ‘sustainable human settlements’ in which majority mentions that by reducing the environmental problems it would help to achieve the sustainable development goals. However, from the reading, the author explains that to achieve sustainable cities or sustainable human settlements it did not just focus on environmental problems, one should not neglect the social, economy, political, demographic, cultural goals as it have been said to be part of sustainable development. After reading this article for more than five times, I realized the author has mentioned about the environmental performances in order to achieve the sustainable development goals. In terms of environmental performances, both countries in the North and South experienced the same problems of depletion of resources, but viewing from the author’s perspectives, he mentions that countries in the North are usually able to solve the environmental problems although there is a disagreement among other authors such that in terms of the non-renewable resources, exploitation of soils and forests, the use of global sink for greenhouse gases show that the level of waste and greenhouse gas emission per capita created by the life styles of most middle and upper-income in the North could not be sustained. They could only bring damages to the environment as the wealthier countries built factories, highways, and started producing and using consumer goods on a large scale, hence the earth’ s air and water became polluted, natural resources were depleted, and sensitive habitats were destroyed. However, to compare the North with the South , there are range of problems in the South, for instance from the perspective of the author , cities in the North perform much better for their inhabitants in most cities which contrast the South such as the smaller role of environmental hazard in illness , injury and premature death (WHO,1996 ; UNCHS,1996) Moreover, in terms of average levels of resource use or greenhouse gas emission per person, most cities in the South have much lower levels than cities in the North (Hardoy,1992 ; UNCHS 1996) The author has also emphasized the importance of social activities in order to achieve sustainable cities. For example, controlling infectious and parasitic diseases in which it links to the environmental problems. This problem usually connected with the inadequate of water and sanitation, be it in the North and South countries. I believe, the government , national and international authorities played important role in order to achieve the sustainable development goals, for example, if government did not take any action or responsibilities, number of problems may arose or if they are only focusing on achieving the environmental performances without looking at any other aspects. This may lead to the emerging and re-emerging of other infectious diseases as most cities concentrate on the large numbers of people who are particularly vulnerable to infection especially those countries in the South as they have high number of infant mortality rates within their population. Furthermore, many particular cities in the North and some in the South have a high concentration of older people who are more vulnerable to many infectious diseases. This may become serious problems if low priority is given or are not being taken into considerations by the governments and other authorities to the public health and health care. Initially, I noticed that the author did not really mention the issues of the population growth. A Little attention was given to the issue of population growth within the discussion of sustainable development and cities (Smith, 1996). A significant proportion of the urban populations have consumption levels that are so low that they contribute little or nothing to the use of non-renewable resources and the generation of wastes, generation of greenhouse gases. Most resource use and waste generation arise from the consumption patterns of middle and upper income households and the enterprises which produce the goods they consume. From the reading, I felt that the developed countries are more responsible than developing countries in sustaining the cities. This is mainly because, the North countries tend to develop heavy industrialization compared to the countries in the South, hence they are producing more environmental problems and the fact that they are using more resources than the So uth. For me, the most important element is meeting the human needs in order to achieve the sustainable development of goals. Meeting the human needs has to be combined with considerations of how to minimize the depletion of environmental capital. There are a lot of different perspectives on achieving sustainable development of goals, for example, phrases such as ‘sustainable cities’, ‘sustainable human developments’ and ‘sustainable urbanization’ do not give exact meaning of these. The third time I read this article on the topic of considering the environmental performance of cities, I realized that the author distinguished between the different kinds of environment problems when making comparison between cities. The five important categories need to be taken into account such as reducing chemical and physical hazards within the home and the health problem. The health problem are related to human beings in which, previously, I believe it is related to the importance of meeting the human needs. Majority of the countries in the South lived in poor conditions of shelters and neighborhoods where their lives and health were easily threatened because of inadequate provision of safe, insufficient water supplies, poor sanitation removal of solid and liquid waste and lack of health care and emergency services (Caimcross ,1990 ; WHO, 1992) Previously, I mentioned that meeting the human needs are important and that government, national and international agencies played important role in taking responsibilities. The sustainable developments in regard to cities were addressed and strong priorities to meeting human needs were given in reducing the depletion of natural resources and other environmental problems where this has been stressed during the Habitat II Conference. Having read this article, I now realise that to achieve the sustainable development goals in regards to sustainable cities is not easy as there are a lot of parties or authors that kind of disagree with focusing on the environmental problems and social problems, and meeting the human needs. The sustainable settlements ‘promote’ or ‘should promote’ human needs, and this is a reminder of how complex it can be to reach agreement among so many interested parties (Kakakhel, 1996). Later, I noticed a high priority to the meeting of human needs in cities and the need for a strong priority for poverty reduction, need to address environmental problems and acknowledge the important heath components are being stressed. There is also a strong stress on the need to strengthen city and municipal authorities. This might be explained by that little mention of the new resources that need to be directed to the meeting of human needs in the nations where there are sufficient resources to achieve this. The definition of sustainable development is meant to sustain whether it is settlements or settlement policies or particular activities within settlements. I have slightly developed my understanding on this topic , it tells me that in order to achieve the sustainable development goals , the society in general or the living conditions needs to be ‘sustainable’ be it in terms of their activities within urban areas, land development, sustainable transport, sustainable livelihoods, sustainable resource use , sustainable water supply, sustainable energy use, sustaining economic growth and equity. The author also assumed that a concern of environmental quality within cities is all that is needed to achieve the environmental component of sustainable development goals without neglecting the economic and social development. References : Are developed countries more responsible for damage to the climate?. Retrieved from: http://www.debate.org/opinions/are-developed-countries-more-responsible-for-damage-to-the-climate Promoting Sustainable Industry in the Developing World. (2008) Retrieved from : http://www.glica.org/topics/show/53

The Hangman versus The Terrible Things Essay -- essays research papers

During World War II, six million Jews were brutally massacred by Adolph Hitler's Nazi regime. Several authors have written about the actions of bystanders in the Holocaust. In a poem, "The Hangman," and an allegory, The Terrible Things, Maurice Odgen and Eve Bunting described how bystanders could cause problems through their inactions. In the poem "The Hangman," by Maurice Ogden, the poet explained that a person could resolve a situation by showing acts of courage. One day, a hangman came to a town and built a scaffold on the courthouse square. The townspeople asked him which criminal would be hanged and he replied with a mischievous grin and a glint in his eye that it would be the person who will continually make his job easier. When the hangman spotted a foreign person, he chose him to be the first victim. The townsfolk were relieved that they weren't picked to be hanged, and that the gallows frame would be gone the next day. However, after they saw that it was still there, the hangman said that the foreigner was used to determine how strong the hemp was. When a man cri...